School Improvement Plan

U10a1: School Improvement Plan by Robin R. Bailey The School Improvement Plan in Full Fulfillment Of the Requirements of ED 7852-Principalship March 15, 2013 |Address: |6647 S. Maryland Ave Unit 3E | |City, State, Zip: |Chicago, IL 60637 | |Phone: |773-655-5508 | |E-mail: |[emailâ protected] du | |Instructor: |Dr. Jeff Ronneberg | Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg. 3 School Improvement Committee†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg. 4 Data and Gathering Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg. 5 Environmental Scan of the School and Community†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg. 7 Goals and Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg. 10 Resource and Community Development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg. 13 Monitoring and Assessing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg. 18 Expected Outcomes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg. 20 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg. 21 Abstract Herzl Elementary School of Excellence is situated in Chicago, IL. Herzl has a populace of 492 understudies who are: Black (481), Hispanic (6), Asian/Pacific Islander (1), White (1), and Two or More Races (3). The objective is to improve understudy accomplishment in perusing and arithmetic. Herzl Elementary School is focused on getting ready understudies for the future by including certifiable exercises into students’ day by day exercises. Herzl is additionally utilizing research based methodologies in each exercise to upgrade learning and improve understudy achievement.Committee Development, Data Gathering and Analysis Part 1 - School Improvement Committee Mrs. D†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Principal Ms. R. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Assistant Principal Mr. A. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Assistant Principal Ms. C†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Seat Ms. L†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Custom curriculum Teacher Ms. M†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Kindergarten Teacher Ms. B. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Second Grade Teacher Ms. P. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Fourth Grade Teacher Ms. P†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6th Grade Teacher Mr. A†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Eighth Grade Teacher Mrs. V†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Parent Ms.S†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Network Leader Rath et al. (2008) states, â€Å"Effective pioneers encircle themselves with the opportune individuals and expand on each person’s strengths† (p. 21). The reason for the School Improvement Committee is to serve in a warning job to me as the head. The advisory group exhorts dependent upon the situation with the financial plan, school security, gauges and conduct, and school improvement overviews. The School improvement board of trustees encourages me set up correspondence connects inside the school network and works intimately with staff and different associations to give effective outreach.The council has an expansive based portrayal of the school network and worker gatherings. This successful site-based school group, improves the qualities of me, yet it offers strengthening to all partners in the school. Sorenson et al. (2011) recommends that viable site-based schools begins with a group arranged methodology that permits principals to offer capacity to their workers and hence energizes a community dynamic and critical thinking process (p. 135). Section 2 †Data Gath ering and Analysis County: Cook County Grade Span: (grades PK-8)Total Students: 548 PK |K |1 | |Students |250 |298 | Students with handicaps: 17. 1%English language students: 0. 4% Free lunch qualified: 518 Reduced-value lunch qualified: 8 Collecting the information is an arranged, intentional procedure. Significant information directs the school improvement group in creating improvement objectives to support all understudies. The four kinds of information we gather and use as pointers of school or region achievement and progress are as per the following: accomplishment information, segment information, program information, and discernment information. The information helps bolster the vision and crucial the school.The school improvement group gathers, assesses, and investigates information to deliberately discover methodologies, assets, and exploration strategies for powerful guidance. A portion of the information that is gathered are the socioeconomics, End of Grade testing, Adequ ate Yearly Progress (AYP), ISAT, NWEA, REACH appraisals, instructor perceptions. The school improvement advisory group gathered information utilizing the information guides gave by the Illinois Department of Education. Staff individuals, guardians, and understudies were approached to finish studies concerning their perspectives toward the Herzl School of Excellence condition and scholastic progress.All staff individuals were additionally approached to list parent contribution, innovation utilization, and expert turn of events. Arbitrary examples of educators were taken to graph parent correspondence and study hall interferences. The arranging group dissected ISTEP+ and NWEA test scores. Educators took part in region wide educational program arrangement gatherings where they smoothed out the district’s educational program and grew quarterly benchmark tests. Subsequent to examining the understudy information, it was inferred that there is a high populace of understudies on free /decreased lunch.While exploring STEP and ISAT information the school improvement group perceived a pattern of low scores in the zones of understanding cognizance, composing application and math critical thinking. They additionally distinguished these zones of concern beforehand when ordering information for the current School Improvement Plan. The group is right now utilizing NWEA to survey understudy development from tumble to spring. The underlying understudy scores have fortified our discoveries corresponding to STEP and ISAT, however this information isn't decisive because of the quantity of evaluations taken and our comprehension of the data.Furthermore, understudies didn't make AYP in perusing and math. African American and financially burdened understudies didn't make AYP in math and perusing. Natural Scan of the School and Community Herzl School of Excellence is affected by numerous strategies and systems that are resolved through the Federal Government, the State of Illino is and the District of Cook County. The Illinois General Statues were made to help build up arrangements for the school areas across Illinois.Once the guidelines are built up, sent to the Department of Instruction and afterward the regions get the guidelines and are to actualize the arrangements. To show responsibility, a school improvement plan must be made. The guidelines and the network are a main consideration that helps drive the School Improvement Plan. Accommodation of a School Improvement Plan (SIP) is required by government and state guidelines for schools that are in scholastic status. The arrangement must cover two monetary years (e. g. FY 2010 to FY 2012) and must be reexamined like clockwork while the school stays in status.Illinois schools in status that don't present a school improvement plan the earlier year must present an improvement plan as required by Public Law 107-110, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, area 1101 et seq. , and Section 2-3. 25d of the School Code, 105 ILCS 5/2-3. 25d. Updates are then required at the termination of the two-year plan while the school stays in scholastic status. Areas are required to submit rebuilding plans for the benefit of schools after the fifth count of not gaining Adequate Yearly Ground. A School Improvement Plan is discretionary for schools that are not in a

Australian Migration Law and OMARA Practice - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1.Prepare a letter of counsel, in plain English, for Jeffrey corresponding to the procedural, bookkeeping and moral prerequisites he would need to meet to follow the necessities under the Migration Act 1958, the Migration Agents Regulations 1998 and the Code of Conduct comparable to being selected by Wood Engineering as their relocation operator and charging them for the work 2. What are your commitments as an enlisted relocation operator (assuming any) under the Code of Conduct? Answers: Answer 1 To, Mr. Jeffrey Jacob Date: 09/08/2017 Subject: procedural, moral, and bookkeeping necessities for Migration Agent and prerequisites to make substantial visa use of UC sub-class 457 Temporary Business Entry visa. Sir, This letter tended to the worry of Mr. Jeffery Jacob, to give direction on procedural, moral, and bookkeeping prerequisites which must be go along by movement operators, and furthermore expresses the necessities to make legitimate visa use of Class UC sub-class 457 Temporary Business Entry visa. These prerequisites are for those specialists who are enrolled under Migration Act 1958. Jeffery Jacob is an enrolled Migration operator. Wood Engineering, structural designing Company in Geelong, Victoria, talks with Mr. Jacob for supporting Ms. Josephine Ladders as a structural architect under the Class UC sub-class 457 Temporary Business Entry visa. Accordingly, it is vital for Jeffery to know all the procedural, moral, and bookkeeping prerequisites identified with this calling. There are number of guidelines which are expressed by Migration Act 1958 and Migration Regulations 1998, and Migration Regulations 1994. These guidelines characterize the rights and commitments of customers just as movement operator. It is the obligation of relocation specialists to play out their activity in such manner which improves the pride of this calling. Prerequisites to make substantial visa application: The brief Work (Skilled) visa (subclass 457) permitted the talented specialists to go into Australia and worked for a business which is affirmed in Australia. Candidate must be supported by an affirmed business, and organizations are qualified to support visa candidate on the off chance that they can't discover Australian resident or any perpetual inhabitant to perform talented work[1]. Calendar 1 of Migration Regulations 1994 contains plan 1223A[2], which expresses the way toward making substantial visa utilization of the Temporary Business Entry (Class UC) visa. Condition 1(b) of this calendar expresses that if candidate needs to fulfill the measures to give Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa and provision (bb) doesn't have any significant bearing on candidate at that point visa candidate can made the web application, and such can be made through structure 1066Employer Sponsored Workers (e457). Provision 1(ba) of this timetable expresses that if candidate needs to fulfill the measures to allow Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa and proviso (bb) doesn't have any significant bearing on candidate then candidate can't make application according to section b in those circumstances which are determined by the Minister in an instrument. Provision 1(bb) of this calendar expresses that, on the off chance that candidate needs to fulfill the optional rules to allow Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa, and joined application isn't made by candidate to fulfill essential standards identified with this visa, at that point in such conditions application can be made as web application in the structure indicated by serve, and such application can be made through structure 1066s Employer Sponsored Workers (e457)[3]. Provision 1(bc) of this calendar expresses that if candidate needs to fulfill the optional standards to give Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa and proviso (bb) doesn't have any significant bearing on candidate then candidate can't make application according to section b in those circumstances which are determined by the Minister in an instrument. According to Immi 13/063, condition 1 (ba) and (bc), electronic type of use is forestalled by DIBP and furthermore by Department of Immigration and Citizenships frameworks. With the end goal of condition 1 (ba) and (bc) Immi 13/063 states the distinctive method of making the application: Application can be made through the structure which was given composed approval. Such structure must incorporate the name and position number of the official who approve such structure, and should be sent at e457.Manual.Lodgement@border.gov.au with a duplicate of the approving email. According to statement 3 of this calendar, legitimate visa application can be made by candidate, who is inside or outside Australia. It must be noticed that such individual must not be in movement leeway. This calendar further expresses that candidate who needs to fulfill the essential rules must meet the prerequisites states under sub proviso 457.223(2) and (4) of Schedule 2 that is: Related control of the candidate must be named, and it must be endorsed under segment 140GB of the Act and its endorsement must not be stopped under guideline 2.75. Choice identified with selection must not be made under section140 GB of the Act. Individual who selected the occupation must not bar under section140M of the Act[4]. To apply visa application, candidate must be named by an affirmed support and should have all the aptitude prerequisites. Visa candidate additionally required to satisfy commitments identified with enrollment and authorizing for the occupation, and must ready to convey in certain degree of English. It is important that visa candidate must have aptitudes in the occupation which is endorsed by the legislature of Australia. Candidate must show the reports identified with the experience of assigned occupation, and other vital archives likewise which are recorded in the agenda of Document for visa applicants.[5] In the wake of finishing all the above prerequisites, operators are additionally limited by some moral, procedural, and bookkeeping necessities which are expressed underneath: Strategy for notice to give help to visa candidate is portrayed in Regulation 7G of the Migration guidelines 1998[6]. Specialists are capable to give warning to the division identified with the customer under segment 312A[7] of the Act. Segment 313 of the Act expresses that must give articulation of administration to the helped individual, and such proclamation of administration expresses all the arrangements identified with guidelines given by customer and administrations gave by operator. Understanding must express the expenses charged from the customer to offer types of assistance, and furthermore express the strategy based on which expenses is determined and other sum identified with disbursements[8]. Area 314 of the Act expresses that, Migration Agent guidelines express the set of accepted rules for movement operators and it is the obligation of relocation specialist to direct their tasks according to code of conduct[9]. Part 2.1 of set of accepted rules expresses that, specialists must go about according to the law and authentic enthusiasm of their customer. Operators must act in able and reasonable manner with the customers and with division too. This part further expresses that, movement specialist must not manage the customer if operator would have any irreconcilable situation with the customer. Part 2.3 of set of accepted rules expresses that, relocation operator must take satisfactory measures to evade money related misfortune to the customer. Part 2.5 of set of principles expresses that, relocation operator must refresh their insight identified with the Migration Act 1958, Migration Regulations1994, and other thrilled laws. Part 2.6 of Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2 expresses that, to make an application under Migration Act or Migration Regulations, specialist must thought about the goal standards. Part 2.8 of set of principles expresses that, operator must take directions in composed structure from customer, and go about according to the guidelines of the customer. Part 2.11 of set of accepted rules expresses that, operator must incorporate their enlistment number while publicizing, and ad should be in English language. Part 2.18 of set of accepted rules expresses that, operator must act inside sensible timespan subsequent to getting important guidelines. Part 2.20 of set of accepted rules expresses that, operator must charge satisfactory measure of expense from the customer. Part 2.21 of implicit rules expresses that, operator must present the application with all the important documents[10]. Part 3.2 of set of principles expresses that, operator must keep up the classification and must not reveal customer data. Section An of this segment expresses that operator must give buyer manual for customer. Part 3.3 of implicit rules expresses that, operator must advise the customer that they are qualified for get the duplicate of utilization and different records. Part 3.4 of set of accepted rules expresses that, specialist must keep in touch subtleties and address of the client[11]. Part 6.1 of set of accepted rules expresses that, specialist must keep up appropriate records of the archives identified with customer for the time of at any rate 7 years[12]. Part 11.3 of set of principles expresses that, contract among specialist and customer must contain the arrangements identified with code of conduct[13]. Budgetary commitments of operator: Part 2.20 of implicit rules expresses that, operator must charge satisfactory measure of expense from the customer. Part 5.2 of implicit rules expresses that, operator must illuminate the customer about the charges and gauge time for preparing the application. Part 5.4 of implicit rules expresses that, specialist must illuminate the customer about the technique regarding figuring the charges. Part 5.5 of set of principles expresses that, specialist must think about the impact of segment 313 of the Act that operator isn't qualified for get the charge on the off chance that they didn't offer support consent to the client[14]. Part 7.1 of set of accepted rules expresses that, specialist must keep up independent record with money related foundation, and section An of this area states record of the customer must be remembered for

Rosecrans, William Starke

Rosecrans, William Starke Rosecrans, William Starke roz ´kranz [key], 1819â€"98, Union general in the American Civil War, b. Kingston, Ohio. He served in the army from 1842 to 1854 and in Apr., 1861, rejoined as a volunteer. He became aide-de-camp to Gen. George B. McClellan and helped to organize the Ohio Home Guards. Made a brigadier general (May, 1861), he operated successfully against the Confederates in W Virginia (July, 1861â€"Apr., 1862). As commander of the Army of the Mississippi, he was victorious at Iuka and Corinth (Sept.â€"Oct., 1862). In Nov., 1862, Rosecrans succeeded to command of the Army of the Cumberland (formerly called the Army of the Ohio) and one month later opposed Braxton Bragg in the battle of Murfreesboro , which ended in a Confederate retreat. In the Chattanooga campaign , he ably outmaneuvered Bragg for a time, but the Confederates thoroughly defeated him at Chickamauga (Sept., 1863). Relieved of his command, Rosecrans for a time directed operations in Missouri. After resig ning from the army in 1867, he became minister to Mexico (1868â€"69), Congressman from California (1881â€"85), and register of the Treasury (1885â€"93). See biography by W. M. Lamers (1961). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Pros And Cons Of Breastfeeding - 1613 Words

Whether to breastfeed or to formula feed is one of the many decisions parents have to make when caring for a newborn baby. The decision may seem simple in which parents base there decision on comfort, convenience and finance but little do most parents know the decision being made can have damaging long term effects than that of the present. There is plenty of research that state the significance of breastfeeding that go far beyond the extent of bonding between mother and newborn. Although, that too is important. Breast milk is known to contain antibodies which can help the newborn in developing a strong immune system which influence all the body systems. Research has shown that breast-milk can help prevent long term diseases such as†¦show more content†¦This paper will explain the benefits of breastfeeding and how it plays an extreme role in the long-term health of a child not only in the early stages of life but also into adulthood and how we as nurses can help promote this mode of nutrition. Breast feeding has been associated with the neurodevelopment of an infant. According to Stuebe and Schwarz (2011), studies shown that breast-fed and formula fed-infants produced evidence of developmental differences. For example, infants who didn’t exclusively breast feed until 6 months of age crawled later and were less like to walk than the infants were exclusively breast-fed. Also, formula fed-infants had IQ scores that were 7.5 points lower when they were at age 6.5. From this study, only basic information is such as walking and IQ score shown at a grade school age is seen it is hard not to see what the picture would be life if the trend of a slower neurodevelopment continues into the later years of a child. A child who will be lacking in this department can hinder growth in many areas such as motor skills. Showing a decline in IQ scores can also delay a child in succeeding academically future in life. These two factors alone can affect other areas of life. Knowing these facts as a parent would be beneficial. As parents, you would want the best for your child and want to give them the best opportunity possible. The missing link between breast milk and formula milk is long-chain poly unsaturated fatty acids which is said toShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay on Breastfeeding718 Words   |  3 Pagesorder to store milk or allow others to feed the baby; this can also prove to be a large hassle. Another common issue that women experience after giving birth is getting all of the weight off that they have acquired while carrying the baby. By breastfeeding, the body will naturally burn calories. This will result in less weight, and the extra weight to burn off more quickly. lt;http://breastfeeding.about.com/od/breastfeedingbasics/a/proscons.htmgt;. Nursing is definitely time-consuming. NewbornRead MoreNutritional Needs Ad Essay604 Words   |  3 Pages I also looked up the pros and cons of each to see when I have a baby what I would prefer to do. When looking at breastfeeding the pros to it is that it is always available, the nutrients are perfectly sized for the baby, it helps against SIDS and it can help decrease the risk a baby can have to obesity. 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AccordingRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Amends The Flsa ( Fair Labor Standards Act )1737 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Section 4207 of the Affordable Care Act amends the FLSA (Fair Labor Standards Act)- Break Time for Nursing Mothers Provisions Breastfeeding is one of the best methods for providing infants with a healthy start to life. Breast milk helps the body fight off various bacteria and viruses that one’s child might be at risk for catching. Breastfed babies are thirty-six percent less likely to die from sudden infant death syndrome and are fifty-five percent likely to become obese later in lifeRead MoreFeeding For The Pregnant Mom With A Toddler982 Words   |  4 Pages Congrats, you stuck with it this long! Many mothers who start breastfeeding do not continue to breastfeed, and you defeated the odds! Now, you are pregnant, and you don’t want to stop feeding, right? Do you have to? No! This guide will give you 5 tips to help you understand how to tandem feed your newborn, toddler, or twins because after all, â€Å"breast is best†! Breastfeeding rates continue to rise in the United States. In 2011, 79% of newborn

fundamental and technical analysis of banking stocks

Page No. 1 Executive summary 4 2 Objective of Project 3 Research Methodology and sampling Technique 4 Data Analysis And Interpretation 5 Findings and Suggestions 6 Conclusion 7 Bibliography EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Fundamental Technical Analysis of Banking stocks† is the systematic study of the performance of banking companies stock’s in stock market and future value of the share price with help of fundamental analysis and technical analysis. While decision in share price based on actual movement of shares price measured more in money percentage term nothing else. In the Analysis, calculations are based on FACTS not on HOPE. The subject of Analysis is to determine future share price movement with the help of RATIO ANALYSIS,†¦show more content†¦We are one of the leading stock broking companies in India and a subsidiary of HDFC Bank- a renowned private sector bank. As a stock broking company, we have completed 10 years of operation serving a diverse customer base of retail and institutional investors. There are millions of reasons why you can choose our services and here are a few of them: Your Interest is Our Priority Your financial needs and interests are our priority. We simplify investing for you and provide 360-degree view on financial planning that suit your future goals and needs. One Stop Shop for Your Investments We offer a suite of products and services across various asset classes such as equity, gold, debt and real estate. Be it stocks, derivatives, mutual fund, fixed deposits, NCDs, insurance, bonds, currency derivatives or PMS, we have a product that suits each of your investment needs. Multiple Platforms Seamless Trading You can trade with us via online, mobile, telephone or any of our branches. These multiple platforms make your trading experience highly convenient and hassle-free. You can even place an order for IPO / NCD applications though your trading account online or through our 24 Hour Customer Care Number. Similarly, there is no need to issue cheques or delivery instructions. Through our 4-in-1 Advantage account, you can seamlessly move funds and securities within savings, demat andShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Crisis Of 19071660 Words   |  7 PagesReserve System was created by congress to help stabilize the financial market by acting as the lender of last resort to the banking institutions. Nonetheless the great depression still hit the economy between 1929 and 1933 which led to the stock market crash and market share value decrease by 80%. By the 1980s, the economy had stabilized again and there was increase in computer analysis, electronic information transfer, increased importance of global markets and deregulation of financial institutions. Read MoreHuman Psychology And Market Efficiency988 Words   |  4 Pagesof a security. 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IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL ANALYSIS IN DETERMINING MOVEMENT OF PRICE IN EQUITY STOCK MARKET Internship Report submitted to SIU in partial completion of the requirement of MBA Banking Management at Symbiosis School of Banking Management Pune-412115. NAME OF THE STUDENT:Read MoreTechnical and Fundamental Analysis of Tata Motors3284 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"TECHNICAL AND FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS OF TATA MOTORS SUBMITTED BY LAKSHMI NITESH SHARMA NIKITA GARG Under the guidance of : Ms. DIVYA GUPTA SUMMARY The automobile industry, one of the core sectors, has undergone metamorphosis with the advent of new business and manufacturing practices in the light of liberalization and globalization. The sector seems to be optimistic of posting strong

Warning Signs on Essay Topics for Teenager You Must Be Aware Of

Warning Signs on Essay Topics for Teenager You Must Be Aware Of You may also restate the ideas which you have discussed in the body paragraphs in order to make your point valid. It's possible to write about whatever you want, but do make sure it's a high quality article. It's recommended that you just select the topic that you're able to deal with, for instance, if you're not t sketching the personality characteristics then you ought to better not elect for it. Discover which of the topics, you presently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. The Ultimate Strategy to Essay Topics for Teenager Some folks live their lives in accordance with their religion while some don't think you should factor that into decision making in regards to determining rules for everybody. They can still find your work online and you have to make sure it is written good and mistake free. The novel represents Hippolita with a particular level o f sense. All individuals must go through their teenage years. My teens ask me great questions regarding the bodily effects of marijuana physically. The other adolescent may realize that bullying provides a feeling of purpose and belonging. Gossiping, like most indirect kinds of bullying, can lead to anxiety and depression together with lowering self-esteem and self-confidence. Definitions of Essay Topics for Teenager By way of example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. Next, you have to consider the method on how you wish to relay it to your readers. It's important to get the suitable amount of info in your article. Getting early gives me the chance to find out the ideal location for the meeting and guarantee that the clients aren't distracted. In the past several years teen magazines have dramatically declined because of the web and new technologies. There's probably a teenager who's interested in ancient Indian literatu re. Among the influences is friends. The Nuiances of Essay Topics for Teenager An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Writing an informative essay is just one of many assignments that you need to tackle. You are a genuine expert in regards to persuasive essay topics. You will discover that several of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most essential point to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. The conclusion provides the general verdict of the argument. The body of your paragraph needs to be ordered in line with the questions that you would like to answer all of the way via your essay. First off, you've got to understand the main source that's going to work for your history topic and after that, you must conduct the key investigating to find dependable answers to the questions which you are searching for. In the majority of instances, you will need to develop a topic that will make it possible for other people to understand your viewpoint, and telling them to think that what you write is true. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. After all, there's no greater topic than the one which you love and know everything about it. What's more, it wou ld likewise be far better select one where you have some experience in. Speaking about something you understand well makes it a lot easier and enjoyable! End of life is a concept that's often ignored despite the simple fact that everybody will die some day. Hearsay, Lies and Essay Topics for Teenager Thus, for your coursework, you will want to have the very best ideas. Managing the vital elements of a custom made essay is not simple. The ability of journaling is genuinely universal. To begin with, you should comprehend what distinguishes informative essays from some other forms of academic papers. Argumentative writings is a particular sort of a paper. When you want narrative papers which will enable you to get much better grades, make certain that you buy your papers from companies that has qualified essay writers. Well, grading papers are often quite dull. The very first step is where a lot of students become stuck. Even the way that they speak is different. Now, class is irrelevant at all on the path to becoming fashionable. Eventually, it results in a substantial boost in your grades. The Pain of Essay Topics for Teenager Women are more inclined to leave a position for family related troubles. Teenagers today have to be responsible. Teens should have to take parenting classes. They today have a lot of responsibilities. What's true about just about all of teenagers is that it's a time of self-discovery and maturity. Being a teenager is an enjoyable thing. however, it may also be stressful, if you're not accountable for your actions. At the conclusion of day, exactly like any other individual, teenagers like me just require acceptance, love and support from the folks around them so as to get through. There continue to be teenagers who opt for a proper lifestyle.

Saving Convention Information

Question: Post your assignment by labeling it according to the Saving Convention posted in the Information folder on the course menu. Answer: There were various aspects that I learnt when going through the story. This paper summarizes the new learnings and the new characters that I acknowledged. The immense Greek creator Homer was conceived around 850 BCE as indicated by Famous Greek student of history Herodotus. He is thought to be the best of the Greek artists. Two among his popular and exceptional epic are "Iliad" and "Odyssey". His remarkable composition expertise and devotion towards his work brought about these two sagas of Greek writing making him well known for the duration of whole life and even in the present years. His is additionally first known as the creator of the European writing. The centrality of Homer and his commitment to the Greek writing was specified in Plato's "Republic". The two well-known Epics were made amid the time out of Trojan wars. These two sagas recreate the late Bronze Age or the late Dark Age. (Oswald, 2011). From the Illiad narrative I learnt of the attack of Troy. The well-known Greek epic "The Iliad" by Homer begins with the attack of Troy by the Greek powers, drove by Agamemnon, Mycenaean Emperor. Regardless of whether to give back Chryseis or not the Greeks were having a fight. This in turn made the Trojan oppressed of Agamemnon, to her parent, Chryses who was a minister of Apollo. At the point when Agamemnon rejected and debilitated to recover the young lady to her dad, the annoyed Apollo episodes a pandemic. When the warrior saints were summoned known as the Achilles, the Greeks powered the Agamemnon for returning Chryseis with a particular finished objective to mollify Apollo and end the sickness. Regardless, when Agamemnon over the long haul gives the consent to return her back although not very willing, Achilles' own specific war-prize mistress. Feeling debased, Achilles furiously pulls back both himself and the warriors that were fight against Agamemnon. Testing the expectation of the Greeks, Agamemnon envisions a back home demand, however Odysseus inclinations the Greeks to look for after the fight. In the midst of a small and precise dtente in the dangers, Paris and Menelaus see each other in single fight over Helen, while Helen and Troys oldest king were mere spectators. Menelaus emerged out to be victorious, in spite of many clauses involved with the fight. Athena was in favour of the Greeks but impels the breaking out of Trojan truce. Furious on passing away of Achilles, there is a reunion with Agamemnon and hence, the fight begins. This was done, even when he knew his foreseen fortune much before the inception of this combat. This has brought up an inferno to the earth. Wearing new fortification shaped remarkably for him by Hephaestus, Achilles takes revenge for his friend Patroclus by killing Hector in single fight, yet then debases and plunders his corpse for a couple of days. Finally, "The Iliad" closes with Hector's internment administration in the midst of a twelve day dtente yielded by Achilles. (Holland,2011). The account of the Odyssey The sagas mostly fixates on Odysseus famously, also reputed as Ulysses in mythology relating to the Roman empire. The Odyssey started ten years post Trojan War Odysseus' child Telemachus speaks the truth 20 years of age and is sharing his missing father's home on the island of Ithaca with his mom Penelope and a horde of 108 fiery young fellows. There is a discussion between Athena and Zeus regarding the fortune of the lady. This was conducted when Poseidon was not present in Olympus. Goddess Athena, taken the secretive form of Telemachus, finds a vessel and gathering for the authentic Telemachus. Telemachus calls for a gathering of nationals of Ithaca to discuss what should be done with the suitors. Now, Athena participates in the gathering as mentor. This was done to pull back the territorial advances of Greece, (Higgins, 2011). Oedipus Rex-Oedipus, the ruler is additionally known by its Latin title Oedipus Rex, is an Athenian disaster by Sophocles. He was the ruler of Thebes. The principle subject is that Thebes is hit by a scourge and the forecast of Apollo says the condition is the delayed consequence of inclination: the past King's executioner is up 'til now wandering free. The outwardly debilitated prophet Teiresias tells the questioning master that Oedipus, is the executioner, and incorporates that Oedipus is living pervertedly. Nonpartisan, Queen Jocasta says a prophet said her companion, the old ruler, would be butchered by their child, yet that never happened since they surrendered the baby and her mate was killed by robbers at an intersection. Oedipus begins to be scrutinized that he was the surrendered child; he butchered a man gaining ground toward Thebes, where he met and married Jocasta to wind up ruler. An errand individual and an employee confirm the story, and Jocasta hangs herself. Oedipus discovers her body and uses the pins of her distinguishing pieces of proof to turn out his own particular eyes. (Surge, 2011). Comparative works in writing: One of the comparable and celebrated work of the Italian epic is Dante's which depicts the kingdoms of the endless life. Dante created The Divine Comedy some place somewhere around 1308 and his demise in 1321. The Divine Comedy is isolated into 3 particular volumes, with every volume containing 33 cantos. The principal volume is Inferno, which contains 1 early on canto in addition to 33 cantos depicting damnation. The second volume is Purgatorio, which portrays limbo or desolation , and the third volume is Paradiso, which delineates paradise. Dante goes about as both the authorial writer and as the focal character of this story. In the sonnet, the character Dante goes through all of damnation, limbo, and paradise to advance back to God, meeting a few characters from history and writing on his way. (Nikoletseas,2012). References Oswald, Alice.Memorial: An Excavation of the Iliad. London,2011. Holland, Tom .The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller / Memorial by Alice Oswald. Surfing the rip tide of all things Homeric. London, 2011. Kellaway, Kate . The Observer,London: Guardian News and Media Limited,2011 Higgins, Charlotte .The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller, and more review The Guardian,London: Guardian News and Media Limited,2011. Flood, Alison TS Eliot prize 2011 shortlist revealed.The GuardianLondon: Guardian News and Media Limited, 2011. Nikoletseas, Michael M. The Iliad: Twenty Centuries of Translation: A Critical View, 2012.

Maintaining and improving operations

Abstract The supermarket industries are among the largest economic upholds in the U.S. The expansion of the customer base is a noticeable consistent growth of the supermarket industry that deals with diverse products. The global expansions plans require enhancement of more effective promotional strategies in order to overcome the economic challenges. Comprehensive financial predicaments affect the consumer behaviours and, therefore these end-users tend to change their purchasing styles due to a lack of trust and confidence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Maintaining and improving operations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Financial strains also causes the consumers to demand for lowering of prices and at times the situation causes shift of the consumption patterns, for instance the expenditure tends to incline more on the food products over the non-edibles. This is mainly attributable to the reduction of dispos able income, and eventually such kind of trend affects the industry’s financial performance. This report focuses on the performance of food industries with a special attention to Wal-Mart as a global retailer. Overview of Wal-Mart Recent financial recessions affected the economic routine of Wal-Mart, but the firm came through and managed to improve the economic global presentation. The reduction on the number of clients visiting the stores globally during the financial crisis of 2007 did not pull back the overall performance. According to Hoovers AD B Company (2010), Wal-Mart stores were still able to pull out a marginal sales growth of 0.7%. This resulted to only a minimal reduction in the firm’s financial performance. It equally came about due to the consumer trust, but one of the major concerns that various global stores must deal with connects to the safety, quality and value of the edible products. Different states’ administrations as well as the nongovernm ental organizations have had to heighten the food regulation policies within the industries. A good example is directive that governs refrigeration, which ensures that firms in the food retailing industries observe various environmental concerns. Extra tax policies are also set to ensure compliance with new guiding principles. Six Components of Wal-Mart’s Supply Chains Information The effectiveness of a supply chain depends highly on the accuracy and speedy flow of information from the consumer to the production line. The competitiveness in the food industry has seen Wal-Mart incorporate technology into its operations as a measure of enhancing operational efficiency. Innovation demands for a streamlined information flow through computer networks as a measure of enhancing proper movement of inventory as per the demands. Information also entails implementation of the accounting systems, inventory management systems, systems for planning resources and global communication networ ks. Wal-Mart growth also has a connection to its ability of soliciting and facilitating online transfer of goods and services. This enables the firm to provide the customers with the right products as per the demands at the right time.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Production To attain a competitive advantage, Wal-Mart differentiates some of the food products according to categories for instance, the stores ensures differentiation according to buyer’s age. One question the industry has to answer is what does the consumer want or demand? The key importance of addressing production falls upon the quantity and type of products. The firm has to know which and how many parts of production require outsourcing form competent suppliers. The firm must face up to needs of finding the exact or approximate quantity required for each of its stores without a compromise on quality and customer satisfaction. The resource planning team can be of great assistance in this case since there is need for proper schedule to meet demands, control of quality, and balance of the workload beside the overall maintenance of the production line. Supply The resource planning system of the industry is strongly required to ensure enhancement of supplies. To guarantee that supply strategy succeeds, Wal-Mart invests in market research. The strategy makes certain that there is continuous value addition to the firm’s products and that the supplies go as per market demands. Repetitive customer market research enables Wal-Mart to identify the varying consumer tastes and preferences particularly in connection with food products. Supply management also requires value analysis since changes on demands require products analysis and equivalent adjustments. The main challenge in this case is the ability to attain as well as maintain competitive edge by ensuring supplies integrates to demands especially on matters concerning tastes and preferences. Inventory Inventory management is ability to determine the amount of products required in the warehouses. The challenge that Wal-Mart must deal with in this case involved management of the right quantity of inventory. Too much inventory means more costs, while too little can sabotage firm’s growth due to lost consumer trust, therefore the firm must meet demands. Management of optimal stock levels at each supply chain store ensures satisfaction, thus enhancing trust and fluctuation of demands as required in retailing industries. A resource planning system at the order points can assist in monitoring of levels to control supplies. Inventory levels are critical since excess production or supplies can affect other business operations mechanically or financially. Location The global investment requires close monitoring of the demand trends and preferences. Wal-Mart has strategized its production and supply units t o support distribution and inventory management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Maintaining and improving operations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Long-term plans of a retailing industry such as Wal-Mart requires practical strategic location of production and stocking facilities, for instance the light and non-technical products can be closer to the end-users. Heavier products demands for bigger production and supply units thus must be closer to the raw materials. The decisions concerning location also require a resource planning system for close analysis especially during global distribution. Transportation According to Levy and Weitz (2001), transport decisions have a close relation to inventory management and consumer demands. Various means of transportation differ in terms of cost, cargo quantity and speed. A good percentage of the production cost fall within the transportation schedules; therefore, use of the right channel is critical. The transportation mode must meet the inventory measures for effective supply as per the demands. This is often a strategic operational decision that ensures smooth supply of goods. Global Operation Processes of Wal-Mart Currently, there are high hopes over future performance of the industry considering that there are notable improvements of the global economy after the 2007 recession. Wal-Mart is a global retailer with global reach of potential clients and ability to monitor as well as react on time to overcome possible economic crisis. Global accomplishment also enables the firm to financially strategize and hence recover its other financial sectors. Wal-Mart’s Approach to Solving Operational Problems One of the main challenge the firm faces is ability to form a financial defence over its ability to attain global reach through expansion of retail stores to different countries. Financial commitment and strategies guarantees the attainability of global expansion. The firm must ensure that the chain stores acquisition strategy meets the quality policies. Wal-Mart formulates acquisition of stores through analysis of demands at the domestic markets. The global expansion increases financial recovery while picking a strategy that lowers the financial costs. Globally, Wal-Mart has had financial difficulties over remittances for operations due to the fluctuation of the foreign exchange rates. The drop on Wal-Mart’s financial growth in the recent years is therefore attributable to reduced financial performance. However, stability of the foreign exchange rate causes the global economic recovery of the industry (Wal-Mart annual report, 2010). A resource planning system can monitor the economic recession by finding possibilities of future reductions on consumers’ disposable income, thus reduced levels of consumption. The system can also assist to monitor consumption trend among the end users and consequently advice o n upgrading choices (Levy and Weitz, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wal-Mart’s Performance Chart The financial performance of Wal-Mart has been on an upward trend for the past three financial years. There has been a steady increase in the revenue level, resulting in an increase of the firm’s earnings per share. The table and chart below indicated the performances. (In million $) Revenue Gross profit Operating income Total net income Earnings per share January 2009 405,607 99,449 23,082 13,400 3.39 January 2008 378,799 92,284 22,301 12,731 3.13 January 2007 348,650 84,498 20,777 11,284 2.71 Source: Financial reports: (Hoovers AD B Company, 2010) Wal-Mart’s global expansion strategy causes the net sales to rise. References Hoovers AD B Company. (2010). Wal-Mart Financial Records. Web. Levy, M. Weitz, B. (2001). Retailing Management. New York, NY: Irwin/McGraw-Hill Publishers. Wal-Mart annual report. (2010). Wal-Mart Performance. Retrieved from http://c46b2bcc0db5865f5a76-91c2ff8eba65983a1c33d367b8503d02.r78.cf2.ra ckcdn.com/6c/20/87b0b3df469ebee838a2630c2c1a/2010-annual-report-for-walmart-stores-inc_130221021765802161.pdf This essay on Maintaining and improving operations was written and submitted by user Ernesto Haley to help you with your own studies. 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Edgar Allan Poes Philosophy of Death

Edgar Allan Poe's Philosophy of Death Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote: Talent alone cannot make the writer. There must be a man behind the book. There was a man behind The Cask of Amontillado, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Black Cat, and poems like Annabel Lee and  The Raven. That man- Edgar Allan Poe- was talented, but he was also eccentric and prone to alcoholism- having experienced more than his share of tragedies. But, what stands out even more prominently than the tragedy of Edgar Allan Poes life is his philosophy of death. Early Life Orphaned at the age of two,  Edgar Allan Poe was taken in by John Allan. Although Poes foster father educated him and provided for him, Allan eventually disinherited him. Poe was left penniless, earning a meager living by writing reviews, stories, literary criticism, and poetry. All of his writing and his editorial work was not enough to bring him and his family above the level of mere subsistence, and his drinking made it difficult for him to hold a job. Inspiration for Horror Arising from such a stark background, Poe has become a classical phenomenon, known for the gothic horror  he created in The Fall of the House of Usher and other works. Who can forget The Tell-Tale Heart and The Cask of Amontillado? Every Halloween those stories come to haunt us. On the darkest night, when we sit around the campfire and tell horrible tales, Poes stories of horror, grotesque death, and madness are told again. Why did he write about such horrible events? About the calculated and murderous entombment of Fortunato, as he writes, A succession of loud and shrill screams, bursting suddenly from the throat of the chained form, seemed to thrust me violently back. For a brief moment- I trembled. Was it disillusionment with life that drove him to these grotesque scenes? Or was it some acceptance that death was inevitable and horrible, that it sneaks up like a thief in the night, leaving madness and tragedy in its wake? Or, is it something more to do with the last lines of The Premature Burial? There are moments when, even to the sober eye of Reason, the world of our sad Humanity may assume the semblance of a Hell... Alas! The grim legion of sepulchral terrors cannot be regarded as altogether fanciful... they must sleep, or they will devour us- they must be suffered to slumber, or we perish. Perhaps death offered some answer for Poe. Perhaps escape. Perhaps only more questions- about why he still lived, why his life was so hard, why his genius was so little recognized. He died as he had lived: a tragic, pointless death. Found in the gutter, apparently the victim of an election gang who used alcoholics to vote for their candidate. Taken to a hospital, Poe died four days later and was buried in a Baltimore cemetery next to his wife. If he was not well-loved in his time (or at least not as well-appreciated as he might have been), his tales at least have taken on a life of their own. Hes recognized as the founder of the detective story (for works like The Purloined Letter, the best of his detective stories). He has influenced culture and literature; and his figure is placed beside the literary greats in history for his poetry, literary criticism, stories, and other works. His view of death may have been filled with darkness, foreboding, and disillusionment. But, his works have lasted beyond the horror to become classics.

Accounting methods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting methods - Research Paper Example â€Å"Implications of IFRS Conversion on US Tax Accounting Methods† is an article written by Christine Turgeon.This paper discusses the impacts of conversion of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles to International Financial Reporting Standards In the view of Turgeon, Rabinowitz, and Wong (2008), IFRS conversion causes a change in book and tax accounting methods which will have a direct effect on the company’s income tax reporting, cash taxes payable, and tax compliance. Many scholars are of the opinion that IFRS conversion would lead to hundreds of book accounting method changes. In contrast, some experts argue that most of these book changes would not result changes in tax accounting methods. However, it has been observed that IFRS conversion mandatorily requires certain changes with tax accounting methods. For instance, IFRS does not allow the use of GAAP and hence it necessitates the mandatory replacement of some old practices such as LIFO method. The tax accoun ting method issues associated with IFRS conversion may cause difficulties to companies’ cash taxes. The IFRS system does not permit the application of LIFO inventory method and this situation may cause the recapture of the tax LIFO reserve over four taxable years even though longer spread periods have been suggested. The structural difference between GAAP and IFRS also creates problems in the leasing process. Accounting practitioners opine that IFRS conversion would hasten the recognition of advance payments.... The IFRS has designed more liberal terms for private companies regarding income tax reporting. On the other hand, it is mandatory for the publicly held companies to adopt IFRS as they issues publicly traded debt securities. Hence, the difficulties related to income tax reporting hurt the public companies more. As discussed earlier, IFRS conversion and thereby the tax accounting method troubles raise a series of complications to companies’ cash taxes. Sometimes, it adversely affects the computation of book tax differences; and such conditions will impede income tax reporting process also. Precisely, public companies are more affected by income tax issues than private firms. 3. Impact of IFRS on college students/professors The IFRS conversion will largely affect professors as well as student groups. To illustrate, as this system’s complete structure has not been framed yet, the IFRS and its features are not included in the academic curriculum. Educational institutions wou ld not include IFRS topic in their academic syllabus until there is a precise assistance from the SEC for large companies and some evidences on what may happen with private companies. Even the accounting professors have no precise idea regarding this concept. Therefore, students do not get an opportunity to assess different strengths and weaknesses of this new idea to distinguish between GAAP and IFRS. It is noticed that even experienced accounting professionals possess little knowledge about the complex features of the IFRS. Since students do not get the basic ideas of IFRS from their primary classes, they will face further difficulties in understanding this method in

I need an essay about comparison and contrast under this topic (an

I need an about comparison and contrast under this topic (an online class compared to a traditional class ) - Essay Example Whether a person achieves a good learning experience or not is determined by the factors that affect the employment or administration of teaching, since educational instruments are normally tangible and accessible to students with whom a specific knowledge or training is communicated. At this stage, the widespread technology logically plays the key role in educating people, for the modern age has proven to have used and modified technology in almost everything that drives our living. It is, however, essential to determine which between an online class and a traditional class delivers the intended results of a quality learning. While classes held online offer learners the convenience to access a wide variety of virtual materials from a range of readable to audio-visual files, how can such setting guarantee focus and diligence with the desired output among the users? On the contrary, though traditional classes facilitate the advantage of enabling students to experience the real environment of proper education in the presence of a teacher and classmates with whom to interact, how would this ensure constant availability of up-to-date academic resources? Comparing these modes of learning is like running through a number of advantages and disadvantages that must be rea lized in considering either preference. Through an online community, a learning individual finds oneself in control of one’s pace in coping with studies under the flexibility of accomplishing tasks at the comfort of personal time and place. There is barely a need to rush on reading and responding to assignments based on the required modules or set of online curricular activities. In this manner, students gain knowledge with confidence, aware that the freedom of studying within a comfort zone allows more room for fluid thoughts and thus, better ways by which to express views or insights. This is truly a convenient

Origins Of The Kadazan People

Origins Of The Kadazan People The Kadazans are an ethnic group indigenous to the state of Sabah in Malaysia. They are found mainly at Penampang on the west coast of Sabah the surrounding locales,and various locations in the interior. Due to similarities in culture and language with the Dusun ethnic group, and also because of other political initiatives a new unified term called Kadazan dusun was created. Collectively, they form the largest ethnic group in Sabah. While Kadazan was an official designation for this ethnic group it is widely believed that the term itself was a political derivative that came into existence in the late 1950s to early 1960s. No proper historical record exists pertaining to the origins of the term or its originator. However, an article written by Richard Tunggolou on this matter may shed some light. According to Tunggolou, most of the explanations of the meanings and origins of the word Kadazan assumed that the word was of recent origin, specifically in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He says that some people have theorized that the term originates from the word kakadazan (towns) or kedai (shops), and from the claim that Kadazan politicians such as the late Datuk Peter J. Mojuntin coined the term. However, there is evidence that the term has been used long before the 1950s. Owen Rutter, in his book, The Pagans Of North Borneo, published in 1929, wrote: The Dusun usually describes himself generically as a tulun tindal (landsman) or on the West Coast particularly at Papar, as a Kadazan. (page 31). Rutter worked in Sabah for five years as District Officer in all five residencies and left Sabah with the onset of the First World War. This means that he started working in Sabah from 1910 and left Sabah in 1914. We can therefore safely say that the word Kadazan was already in existence before any towns or shops were built in the Penampang district and that Kadazan politicians did not invent the word in the late fifties and early sixties. The Bobolians or the Bobohizans of Borneo was interviewed to seek better picture of the true meaning of the term Kadazan, a Lotud Bobolian was asked what is the meaning of Kadazan or kadayan? Kadazan means the people of the land. The Bobohizan from P enampang was also interviewed seeking the real meaning of Kadazan .The Bobohizan Dousia Moujing confirmed that the Kadazan has always been used to describe the real people of the land Kadazan means the people of the land. That confirmed what Rutter had described about the existence of term Kadazan. Thus the word Kadazan actually not derived from the word kedai (meaning shops in Malay). Over a hundred years, the people of Kadazans were ruled by the Brunei Sultanate; the Kadazan or Kadayan in Lotud, Marangang, Liwan were being addressed by the Sultanate as being the Orang Dusun which means the People of the Orchard Because in Malay, Dusun means Orchard Farm. Thus administratively the Kadazans are called Orang Dusun by the Sultanate (Tax-Collector) but in reality the people that was called Orang Dusun are in fact Kadazan. An account of this fact was written by the first census made by the North Borneo Company in Sabah, 1881. Administratively all Kadazans are called Dusun as their ethni c identity. Only through the establishment of KCA (Kadazan Cultural Association) in 1960, this terminology was corrected and replaced into Kadazan. When Sabah formed Malaysia together with Sarawak, Singapore and the Peninsular Malaysia in 1963, under the newly form nation of Malaysia, administratively all Orang Dusun born after the Malaysia formation is called Kadazan as their ethnic origin. There were no conflict with regards to Kadazan as the identity of the Orang Dusun between 1963 to 1984. But in 1985 through the KDCA (formally called KCA) the Dusun was once again being introduced after much pressures received from the various parties with one reason to divide the Kadazan and the Orang Dusun once again. As the division has been established and successful, the fall of the ruling government (PBS) was accomplished. PBS through the KCA then, finally coined in the new term to represent the Orang Dusun and Kadazan as Kadazandusun. Press released (Sabah Times and Daily Express) by various parties argued that it should not be Kadazandusun but Dusunkadazan! Leaders in Singapore and the Peninsular Malaysia until today acknowledges the people as Kadazan and not Dusun. The ex- Prime Minister of Singapore addressed the ethnic group in Sabah as the Kadazans, and many leaders of Malaysia today. It was said that the Kadazan/Dusun people originated from a place called Nunuk Ragang wh ich is roughly located at Tampias, where three rivers, Liwagu, Takashaw, and Gelibang meet to the east of Ranau and Tambunan. Nunuk is a Dusun word for Bayan Tree, Ragang comes from the word Aragang which means red. Nunuk look like giant that provide good natural shelters. Its tree top was estimated to be able to shelter under seven Kadazan/Dusun huts (a hut measure 12 by 20 feet). C:UsersUserDesktopNunukRagang (1).jpg A replica of Nunuk Ragang in Ranau Culture Characteristic Kadazan culture is heavily influenced by the farming of rice, culminating in various delicacies and alcoholic drinks prepared through differing home-brewed fermentation processes. Toomis and linutau are the main rice wine variants served and consumed in Kadazan populated areas, and are a staple of Kadazan social gatherings and ceremonies. Religion The Kadazandusun were traditionally animists but have been influenced by both Christianity and Islam. Many of those that the government counts as Christians come from a church tradition where any child that is born into a family that calls itself Christian is also considered to be Christian. Those holding to traditional religion today believe in a spirit world that is especially important in the cycle of rice cultivation as well as major events in the cycle of life. Although believing in a supreme being who created everything, they also attribute spirits to many things in nature such as birds, animals, and plants. The rice spirit in particular figures prominently in their beliefs and practices. Some of the Kadazandusun people groups are noted for their use of priestesses (bobohizan) for controlling the spirits. The majority of the Kadazans are Christians, mainly Roman Catholics and some Protestants. Islam is also practiced by a growing minority.The influence of the Spanish missionaries from the Philippines resulted in Christianity in its Roman Catholic form rising to prominence amongst Kadazans. A minority of them are protestants due to later British influence during the 20th century. Before the missionaries came into scene animism was the predominant religion. The Kadazan belief system centers around the spirit or entity called Kinorohingan. It revolved around the belief that spirits ruled over the planting and harvesting of rice a profession that had been practiced for generations. Special rituals would be performed before and after each harvest by a tribal priestess known as a bobohizan. C:UsersUserDesktopbobohizan.jpg Bobohizan Festival The most important festival of the Kadazans is the Kaamatan or harvest festival, where the spirit of the paddy is honoured after a years harvest. The Kaamatan festival is an annual event in the cultural life of the Kadazandusuns of Sabah since time immemorial. In its deepest sense Kaamatan festival is a manifestation of Creator and Creation relationship, as well as Inter-Creations relationship. It embodies the principal acts of invocation of divinities, appeasing purification and restoration re-union of benevolent spirits, and thanksgiving to the Source of All. It is part of a complex wholesome Momolian religious system centered on the paddy rites of passage and the life cycle of Bambarayon the in dwelling spirit of paddy. C:UsersUserDesktoppesta.jpg Harvest festival Appeasing is done in respect of Bambarayon, Deities, Divinities and Spirits, who may have been hurt by human wrongful acts. Purification is performed in respect of human and spiritual needs for forgiveness followed by resolutions to make themselves worthy of the gifts of life from God. Restoration in necessary to ensure the health and well being of SUNIL, mankind and other spiritual beings. Reunion is realised in respect of human needs to be integrated in body mind and spirit within the concept of the seven-in-one divinity in humanity, as well as re-union of Bambarayon with human Sunduan. Finally Thanksgiving is observed as befitting for all creations to express their gratitude and appreciation for the gifts of life (through Huminodun) and all life supportive system on earth that their Creator lovingly and generously gave them. This takes place in May and the two last days of the month are public holidays throughout Sabah. During the celebration the most celebrated event is the crowning of the unduk ngadau or harvest queen, where native Kadazandusuns girls throughout the state compete for the coveted crown. The beauty pageant is held to commemorate the spirit of Huminodon, a mythological character of unparalleled beauty said to have given her life in exchange for a bountiful harvest for her community. In marriages, marriage customs amongst the Kadazans vary a little from one district to another but in general are the same. The most important thing about Kadazan marriage customs is the role of the parents of both sides for it is they who make the choice and all the arrangements for the joining together of their children. Usually the children abide by their parents decision. The business of making the engagement is done when the boy is only twelve years old and the girl eleven The Kadazans call this miatod. The process begins with the boy who is to be engaged paying a formal visit to the girls house accompanied by some relatives and close friends. The visit is made at a time which has been agreed upon beforehand. In the girls house everybody is ready waiting with members of the family and close friends as well. Whilst waiting for the arrival of the boys party, the girl is told to make seven rice-balls as a special dish for her future husband. When she has done this, she is hastily sent to the house of one of her relations, which is never, however far from her own. As soon as the boy arrives he is invited to enter and is seated on a mat specially woven for occasions such as this, and which is called lawangan by the Kadazans. In the meanwhile the question of the size of the dowry is discussed by the elders from both parties. Usually a Kadazan dowry consists of a large gong, a small gong a, (small) cannon, a buffalo, some bronze, land, and so forth. The agreement is made to become effective on the day of the actual wedding. Finally a meal consisting of rice and buffalo meat, pork, chicken and similar dishes, washed down with drinks like ricewine and the juice of the coconut blossom is consumed to the accompaniment of the beat of gongs. This is when the special rice which has been prepared for the boy by his bride-to-be is fed to him by an old lady from the girls side. This is done in front of all present. After this everything is over and the guests depart, except for the bridegroom-to-be and some of his close friends who stay behind in the girls house. Now the girl returns from her relations house in order to meet her future husband and in order to serve him with more food and drink. That night the boy and his friends sleep in a room by themselves in the girls house. They will return home the following morning. Three days later the girl returns the visit. The same procedures are followed as with the boys visit to the girls house except that the boy does not have to move out of his house while his fiancee and her friends are there. The next day the girl is sent back to her own house by her fiancee along with other members of her family. While they are waiting for their coming of age the engaged couple stay with their own parents. However, the boy is obliged to help in his future mother-in-laws house doing such chores as collecting the firewood ploughing the soil and putting up temporary sheds and the like. Similarly the girl must help her future mother-in-law to plant the rice, cook and so on. The boy may visit the girls house whenever he likes on his own. The girl may also do likewise on condition that she is accompanied by her mother, an aunt or an elder sister. If the boy has an elder sister, he may invite his fiancee to stay a night or two in his house. At the same time if either one of them breaks the rules a penalty will be exacted. When the parents think that the time has come for their children to be married usually around sixteen or seventeen years of age the date for the wedding is fixed by mutual agreement. At last the betrothal ceremony can take place. A man who is fairly advanced in years from the bridegrooms side is chosen to carry out the betrothal rites by reading a short couplet set to a Kadazan melody. Then a huge feast is held at which several buffaloes ,pigs and chickens as well as a number of jars of rice-wine and bamboo stems of coconut blossom juice are consumed. Language Of The Kadazan People Rationally Kadazan language has existed since their ancestors, at first use of the native languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹is a branch of every human interaction, deliver and receive information. In particular, the spread of such dialects are starting from a small community groups. These groups communicate and develop an understanding of identity through their language. Eventually it will grow through the diffusion and increase the quantity of these groups. Originally the Kadazan community groups are in small amount, over time it evolved into large clusters. Kadazan tribe has its own language. Kadazan tribes and Dusun tribes are actually a different tribe, but were of the same family. Language of both these tribes nearly the same, distinguished only by minor differences in spelling and pronunciation. For example, home as walai in Dusun and hamin in Kadazan. Many other words that differ only in spelling such as two the duo in Dusun and duvo in Kadazan, and nine referred to siam in Dusun, and sizam in Kadazan. However, there is the same word as a the iso in both languages and six is onom. Music and Dance The Kadazans have also developed their own unique dance and music. Sumazau is the name of the dance between a male and female performed by couples as well as groups of couples which is usually accompanied by a symphony of handcrafted bronze gongs that are individually called tagung. Sumazau and Tagung usually played during festive occasions and feasts especially the wedding feast. The Sumazau Dance Tagung team The Kadazan have a musical heritage consisting of various types of tagung ensembles which is composed of large hanging suspended or held bossed or knobbed gongs which act as drone without any accompanying melodic instrument. They also use kulintangan ensembles with an horizontal type melodic instrument. Agungs also play a major role in agung orchestras ensembles composed of large hanging suspended or held knobbed gongs which act as drones without any accompanying melodic instrument like a kulintang. Such orchestras are prevalent among Mindanao Lumad groups (Bagobo, Bilaan, Bukidon, Hanunoo, Magsaka, Manabo, Mangyan, Palawan, Subanun, Tboli, Tagakaolu, Tagbanwa and the Tiruray), regions in Kalimantan and Indonesia (Iban, Modang, Murut) and Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia (Bidayuh, Iban, Kadazan-Dusan, Kajan, Kayan), places where agung orchestras take precedence over kulintang like orchestras. The composition and tuning of these orchestras vary widely from one group to another. For instance, the Hanunoo of Mindoro have a small agung ensemble consisting of only two light gongs played by two musicians on the floor in a simple duple rhythm while the Manobo have an ensemble (called an ahong) consisting of 10 small agungs hung vertically on a triangular frame. It includes three musicians: on e standing up, playing the melody, and the rest sitting. The agong is divided by purpose with the higher-pitched gongs (kaantuhan) carrying the melody three to four lower-pitched gongs (gandingan) playing melodic ostinato figures and the lowest pitched gong (bandil) setting the tempo. The Kadazan-Dusun, located on the western coast of Sabah refer to their agung ensemble as a tawag or bandil, which consists of six to seven large gongs in shoreline groups and 7 to 8 large gongs for those in interior valleys. In southwestern Sarawak, Bidayuh agung ensembles consist of nine large gongs divided into four groups (taway, puum, bandil, and sanang), while among the Iban of Sawarak, Brunei, Kalimantan, agung ensembles are smaller in comparison. Such ensembles can either perform alone or with one or two drums played with the hands or wooden sticks, as accompaniment. They play either homophonically or in an interlocking fashion with the gongs. These agung orchestras often perform at many types of social events, including agriculture rituals, weddings, victory celebrations, curing rites rituals for the dead, entertainment for visitors and other community rituals. The Agung. the left gong is the pangandungan, used for basic beats while the right gong is the panentekan, which complements the pangandungan. Kulintang is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. As part of the larger gong chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Malay Archipelago the Southern Philippines, Eastern Indonesia, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and Timur, although this article has a focus on the Philippine Kulintang traditions of the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples in particular. Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sunda.Its importance stems from its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity or the West making Kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-chime ensembles. Technically, kulintang is the Maguindanao Ternate and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. It is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. Due to its use across a wide variety groups and languages the kulintang is also called kolintang by the Maranao and those in Sulawesi and kulintangan or gulintangan by those in Sabah and the Sulu Archipelago and totobuang by those in central Maluku. By the twentieth century, the term kulintang had also come to denote an entire Maguindanao ensemble of five to six instruments. Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is basalen or palabunibunyan, the latter term meaning an ensemble of loud instruments or music-making or in this case music-making using a kulintang. Kulintang The instrument called the kulintang (or its other derivative terms) consist of a row/set of 5 to 9 graduated pot gongs, horizontally laid upon a frame arranged in order of pitch with the lowest gong found on the players left. The gongs are laid in the instrument face side up atop two cords/strings running parallel to the entire length of the frame with bamboo/wooden sticks/bars resting perpendicular across the frame creating an entire kulintang set called a pasangan. The gongs could weigh roughly from two pounds to three and 1/8 pounds and have dimensions from 6-10 inches for their diameters and 3-5 inches for their height. Traditionally they are made from bronze but due to the shortage of bronze after World War II and the subsequent use of scrap metal brass gongs with shorter decaying tones have become commonplace. The kulintang frame known as an antangan by the Maguindanao (means to arrange) and langkonga by the Maranao could have designs that could be particularly crude made from only bamboo/wooden poles or highly decorated rich with artistic designs like the traditional okil/okir motifs or arabesque designs. It is considered taboo to step or cross over the antangan while the kulintang gongs are placed on it. The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. When playing the kulintang, the Maguindanao and Maranao would always sit on chairs while for the Tausug/Suluk and other groups that who play the kulintangan, they would commonly sit on the floor. Modern techniques include twirling the beaters, juggling them in midair, changing the arrangement of the gongs either before or while playing, crossings hands during play or adding very rapid fire strokes all in an effort to show off a players grace and virtuosity. The Kulintang The sompoton is another musical instrument. A ceremonial ring of cloth sash is worn by both male and female. The Sumazau and gong accompaniment is typically performed during joyous ceremonies and occasions, the most common of which being wedding feasts. The sompoton is a mouth organ which is prevalent among the Kadazandusun and Murut community. This fascinating instrument that originates from the district of Tambunan is constructed from a dried gourd and eight bamboo pipes which are arranged in a double-layered raft. A small lamella of polod palm (like a tiny jaw harp) is inserted near the base inside each sounding pipe to create a sweet harmonious sound. The pipes are fitted into a hole on one side of the gourd, sealed with bees wax and bound with thin strands of rattan. To create the perfect melody, musicians will have to manipulate the instrument by covering and uncovering the openings of three of the shortest pipes with the right hand and three small holes near the front and back pipes with the left hand. The sompoton can be played as a solo instrument for personal entertainment or in an ensemble to accompany a group of dancers. The sompoton has a gourd wind chamber from which extend 8 pipes arranged in two rows. There are bamboo reeds in seven of these pipes only, and three of these pipes do not have sound holes and are played by closing and opening the tops of the pipes with fingers of the right hand. The sumpoton can be played with the pipes pointing up, as is done with smaller instruments or with the pipes pointing either sideways or down with larger instruments. The instruments range in size from 6 inches to 3 feet in length, with the average size of just over 1 foot. Music featured in the folk traditions of this very interesting and unique. The tools and traditional sounds are abundant in Kadazandusun and it has the potential to be inherited by the younger generation. Among other musical instruments popular tradition is gong, Sompoton, Kulintangan, togunggu or togunggak, bungkau, pumpuak, sundatang, distilled, turali, tongkungon and others. Birth and Naming Ceremonies When a woman gives birth to a child in a house, a leaf known as wongkong is immediately tied over the door. This serves to give notice that a birth has taken place and that only those who live nearby may call. During her period of pregnancy until several days after delivery, the mother is completely in the hands of the midwife. The midwife is usually an elderly woman who is held in high esteem amongst the villagers. Apart from looking after the delivery of the child, the midwife is also responsible for all the medicines, which consist of the roots of trees, herbs, and so on. The midwife advises the mother on the relevant taboos and massages her both before and after childbirth. The name of the newborn babe is chosen by its grandparents. If the child was born in the house of the mother-in-law, they will have this responsibility; if in the house of the mothers own parents, they will choose what they consider to be an appropriate name. The names chosen are taken from these ancestors and are based on the world around them such as the names of trees, animals, and so on. Kadazan boys take names like Gimbang, Kunul, Kerupang, Galumau,Gantuong, Empurut, Ampingan, Sangan and so forth: typical, girls names are Semitah, Rangkumas, Ansayu, Baimin, Salud, Amin, Nani and Mainah. When the newborn child is about a month old, the shaving ceremony takes place. Goats, pigs and chickens are always slaughtered for this occasion. There are also jars of rice-wine and dozens of bamboo-stems of coconut blossom juice for those with means, and whatever they can afford for the less well-off. Beliefs about Illness According to Kadazan belief, illness is caused by supernatural beings such as ghosts and devils which dwell in the virgin jungle, in fig-trees and in large boulders. Besides this, the Kadazans also believe that some people (called stridden) have the power to cause illness in others whom they do not like. When someone falls ill in the house, his family will call for a medicine-man who in the case of Sabah is not a man at all, but a woman. This woman not only casts spells and explains the necessary taboos to be followed but also provides medicines appropriate to the sickness from which the patient is suffering. These medicines include, inter alia, the tail and skin of a python, the tail and fat of an ant-eater, cockroaches, bees, rats, rattan roots, nibung-palm roots, betelnut roots, langsat (a fruit) skin and wild bananas. The medicine-woman brings a chicken, a pig and some yellow rice to a fig-tree or a large boulder which she believes to be the abode of a resident spirit. All these things are provided by the family of the sick person. At the boulder or beneath the fig-tree the woman softly chants her spells in the language of the spirits. This done, she will put the yellow rice in a bamboo stem, to which is added the chicken and pigs blood which she has just slaughtered, as well as their hearts and lungs. The bamboo stem is then placed on the boulder or below the tree in the ordained manner to the accompaniment of certain words. The medicine-woman then returns home without looking back once. The slaughtered pig and chicken are left where they are for the time being so that the resident spirits can cast their spells over them the spells will be absorbed into the carcasses of the dead animals. After about half an hour the carcasses will be brought back to the sick mans house. The slaughtered chicken is smeared all over the body of the patient, followed by the pig which is held by two men. Then the pig is suspended between two poles outside the house and roasted over a fire of bamboo. (No other wood may be used for this purpose:) Whilst the roasting is going on, no one is allowed to utter coarse speech, for to do so according to the general belief would prevent the sick man from ever recovering because the spells of the spirits would have been rendered inoperative. Should someone reveal an easy heart by laughter in the sick mans house, the person concerned has to pay a customary fine of one chicken. If untoward remarks are made about the fat running off the roasting pig it may not be eaten. The methods described above for the treatment of the sick applies to those who have been crossed by a ghost or a spirit. Funerals When a death occurs in a village everyone is informed. A taboo which must be observed is that no one must do any kind of work on the day of the funeral above all the work of planting rice. It is believed that any work done on such an occasion can only bring misfortune engendered by the fate of the deceased. However, this taboo does not apply should the deceased die far from his own village. First of all the body is washed and then dressed in fine clothes and sprinkled with rose-water. Sometimes, if the deceased was a cigarette or cheroot smoker, a cigarette or cheroot is placed in his mouth. The body is kept in the house from three to seven days before it is buried. While the body is in the house, all the occupants must keep awake. Whoever falls off to sleep will be doused with water and cannot take offence. The purpose of keeping awake is to watch out for the devil or genie which in the guise of a large bird will try to fly away with the body. Should the bird come, the day will become overcast and gloomy and there will be thunder and lightning, which will give the creature its chance to dash into the house and look for the body. This bird is known as the pendaatan bird. In order to avoid the birds onslaught, cloth is hung around the body. The bird is frightened off by the cloth which it mistakes for human beings. There should be an atmosphere of complete calm and silence in the house there should be no idle chatter or angry words. In this quietness solace is sought by the slow beating of gongs or drums, the sound of which the Kadazans refer to as Surabaya. These gongs or drums may only be beaten three times a day that is when the sun sets at midnight and as the sun rises the following morning. The greatest care is taken to prevent a cat from jumping over the outstretched corpse for the Kadazans believe that if this happens the dead man will be transformed into a dangerous and terrifying giant. No coffin or burial jar is used for those with neither rank nor wealth. They are carried to the burial ground wrapped up in cloth and tied to a pole which can be easily lifted. When the body is ready, it is carried in procession to the grave to the accompaniment of gongs and drums, firecrackers and gunfire. On arrival, a spell is cast over the body by an elderly man specially chosen to wait by the open grave. The grave itself is swept with green betelnut leaves so as to prevent the spirits of those who have come along being left behind there. The body is then lowered into the grave while a sprig from a banyan tree is taken and stuck over its navel. After this has been done, the grave is filled in. The purpose of the banyan sprig is to ascertain whether the deceased still thinks of his wife and children. If he does, the sprig will sprout a shoot; if no shoot appears, this means that he has forgotten all about those he has left behind. A small hut with an attap or zinc roof and with beautiful designs carved on its plank walls is erected over the grave. A shirt, a clean metal cigar/cigarette box, and some betelnut quids cigarettes and similar items are placed in the middle of the hut. The family of the deceased will send food to the hut every afternoon for seven days, because it is believed that during this period the soul of the dead man has not yet left the body and so still requires food from its living relatives. No one is allowed to disturb these things. Anyone found doing so will be fined a chicken or five dollars. The bodies of well to do Kadazans are placed in large burial jars which are firmly closed before they are buried with the body inside. Then another very expensive jar is placed above the grave. In some places the burial jar and its contents are not taken straight away to the burial place but are kept in the house itself or in a special hut erected nearby so that the family can mourn there whilst waiting for other relatives who live far off to arrive. Then only is the jar buried. After three days have passed since the burial, a feast is held at night. On this occasion members of the deceaseds family let fall three drops of candle wax through the cracks in the floor of the house onto the ground below.